Ebola Study Essay Example for Free

Ebola Study EssayDALLAS The Texas bear who contracted Ebola while caring for the first person to die of the computer virus in the U.S. has been identified as 26-year-old Nina Pham.Health officials have not released the nurses name, but Yahoo News identified Pham through public records and a state nursing database.Then on Monday, Phams family confirmed her identity to local Dallas ABC News affiliate WFAA.Pham, a critical care nurse at Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, is one of at least 50 people who cared for Thomas Eric Duncan before he passed away last Wednesday. Pham has been in isolation since recent Friday. The CDC confirmed her Ebola diagnosis on Sunday. It is the first time the deadly virus has ever been transmitted in the United States.The Dallas resident is a 2010 graduate of Texas Christian University and has been a nurse since June 2010, according to state records.CDC director Dr. Thomas Frieden said Pham is in stable condition at Texas Health Presbyterian. An unide ntified person Pham had close up contact with last week is also in isolation at the hospital, but Frieden said that individual has not become ill.Investigators have not decided how Pham specifically contracted the disease from Duncan, who died on his 10th day of intensive care at Texas Health Presbyterian.If this one individual was infected and we dont know how at heart the isolation unit then it is possible that other individuals could have been infected as well, Frieden said during a press conference. We consider them to be at seek and we are doing an in-depth review and investigation.A day earlier, Frieden characterized the transmission from Duncan to Pham as a possible breach in safety protocols. On Monday he apologized for those remarks.Some understand that as finding fault with the hospital or the health care worker, and Im sorry if that was the impression given, that was certainly not my intention, Frieden said. What we need to do, is all take office for improving the safety of those on the front lines. I feel awful that a health care worker became infected in the care of an Ebola patient. She was on that point trying to help the first patient survive.Tom Ha, a longtime friend of Phams family, told the Dallas Morning News that it is in the nurses genes to go out of her way to dish others.I expect, with the big heart that she has, she went beyond what she was supposed to do to help anyone in need, Ha told the newspaper

Teenage Pregnancy Term Paper Essay Example for Free

youngage Pregnancy Term Paper EssayIntroductionThis Term Paper aims to discuss the effects of rising early motherhood cases and how it affects our country. Teenage pregnancy refers to pregnancy in a female under the age of 20. It is championness of the study factors that affect the population growth in our country, Philippines. It is considered to be the major problems of the government is facing today. According to the government statistics records, teenage pregnancy cases rise much than 70% over a decade. These alarming cases caught the attention of some lawmakers. The exclusively solution that the government made was the so-called Reproduction Health Bill (RH Bill). This bill aims to free access of use of contraceptives, fertility control, sexual education, and maternal care. The government conceived this as the solution to the said problem. Others may see it as helpful, but some also disagree about it. Teenage pregnancy is continously growing and affects our econo mical growth. Basically, teenage pregnancy occurs due to the following reasons General rebelliousness, peer pressure and lack of self-esteem.Causes of Teenage PregnancyRebelliousness-There is rebelliousness of parents and of rules of adults. During the teenage stage, there is a burst of sudden and unknown emotions. Teens feel a natural sense of rebelling against the set norms and rules. Coupled with a sudden sense of fresh- run aground liberation and sexuality, results in heavy(p) vent to their feelings by dint of sexual experiences.Peer Pressure-Peer pressure is another early stage of pregnancies. This pressure causes sexual intimacy for the opposite sex. If a tyke hangs out with a group whoare sexually active, then there are possibilities that 9 out of 10 that teenager is sexually active. Most of the teenagers often to form sexual intercourse because they need to fit in with their heap of friends. Theyre only way to be accepted by that so called circle of friends is to have sexual intercourse with the opposite sex and have sexual relations.Lack of Self-Esteem-It is among the causes of teen pregnancy. Children who are not deputen love and affection from parents give seek it out with their circle of friends (peer group). Many teenagers report feeling pressured by their peers to have sexual intercourse before they are ready.MediaThe 16 and Pregnant is an American reality television series that debuted June 11, 2009 on MTV. It follows the stories of pregnant teenage girls in High School dealing with the hardships of teenage pregnancy. Each episode features a incompatible teenage girl, with the episode typically beginning when she is 4 and a half to 8 months into her pregnancy. The episode typically ends when the baby is a few months old. The series is produced in a documentary format, with an animation on notebook paper showing highlights during each episode preceding the commercial breaks. (Reference from wikipedia)MTV is criticized for creating an acceptance of teen pregnancy. By creating a show about pregnant teens, the shows creators may be sending the message to teens that it isnt a big deal if they become pregnant. It is proven that teens are often influenced by TV. Actually, according to a study conducted by The National iron out most teens (79% of girls and 67% of boys) say that when a TV show or character they like deals with teen pregnancy, it makes them think more about their own risk of getting pregnant or causing a pregnancy and how to avoid it (Teen Pregnancy). Parents feel that the popularity of 16 and Pregnant allow allow teens to think that teen pregnancy is acceptable.The National Campaign states that research has found that the sexual content in media can influence teens attitudes about sex and contraception and may also influence their sexual behavior (The National Campaign). It is because of this statistic that MTV is teaming upwith the National Campaign to disallow Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy to create viewing guides on 16 and Pregnant. The 16 and Pregnant viewing guides will hopefully allow parents and educators to start discussions with teens encouraging them to make the right decisions when dealing with their sexual health.Why teen pregnancy is a cause for concern?The phone number of teenage pregnancies is a cause for concern, and it is necessary that we draw the attention of the authorities to its diverse effects. According to statistics compiled in February 2004 by the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 34% of teenage girls get pregnant at least once before they turn 20 (which is about 820,000 per year). Despite the fact that teen pregnancy rates are declining in the United States, this data illustrates the fact that the United States has the highest pregnancy rate in the industrialized world. Teen pregnancy has electronegative affects on teen parents, their children, and society in general.Negative Affects on Teen ParentsTeen mothers are statistically less likely to continue their education through high school and college. In fact, only about 1/3 of teen mothers ever earn a high school diploma, and only 1.5% of teen mothers receive a college degree by the time they are 30 years of age. In addition to the decline of education prospects, teen mothers also have increased health risks. In fact, more than a quarter of pregnant teens report physical abuse in their relationships. Other health risks include disorders much(prenominal) as anemia, hypertension, obesity, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).Anemia- Anemia is a disease where the number of red course cells falls below normal and the body gets less group O as a result. Therefore, the body has less energy than it needs to function correctly. When the number of red blood cells decreases, the heart has to work harder, which means that it has to pump more blood in order to distribute oxygen throughout the body. As a result, one can develop a rapid heartbeat or another sincere conditio n that enlarges the heart muscle, which can cause heart failure.Hypertension- When someone has hypertension (also known as high blood pressure), the force of the blood against ones artery walls are too strong. Over time, this excessive pressure can damage your arteries as well as your heart and kidneys. Hypertension is rather dangerous, for there are no warning signs or symptoms unless the problem is severe. Hypertension can lead to strokes, and other deadly afflictions.Obesity- While we all need some productive tissues in our bodies, having too much body fat is known as obesity. Obesity is a serious medical disease that affects about 14% of adolescents in the United States, and is the second leading cause of preventable death.STDs- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are diseases that are contracted and spread by having sex with someone who has one of the diseases. Sexual activity can include contact with the mouth, anus, vagina and penis (all of which are capable of giving as we ll as receiving STDs). These can be serious illnesses and require immediate attention. Some STDs, such as AIDS, are deadly and have no cure, therefore it is important to learn ways to protect yourself from STDs such as genital herpes, hepatitis B, chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea, and HIV/AIDS.Negative Affects on ChildrenChildren natural from teen mothers have a higher chance of experiencing health problems. In fact, children born to teen mothers have a 20% higher chance of being born with low birth weight, which is one of the most common complications found in children of teens. Low birth weight can lead to blindness, deafness, respiratory problems, as well as mental illness, cerebral palsy, and even death. Not only do children born to teen mothers have a higher chance of experiencing health complications, but they also typically receive less medical care and word than other children, born to older mothers. On another note, teen parents are young, inexperienced, and for the most pa rt, lack a completed education.This has been known to lead to inadequate parenting, for one is too young to appropriately provide the kind of environment that children need to develop and mature properly. Eventually this will affect the childrens performance in school, forchildren of teenage mothers score lower than average on standardized tests, and are about twice as likely to repeat a grade at some point in their education. Children born to teen mothers are also twice as likely to be victims of abuse and neglect.Negative Affects on societyBecause teen pregnancy rates are so high in the US. 34% of all females get pregnant at least once before the age of 20. This can cost our society billions of dollars each year, as the majority of teen mothers are single parents, lack a complete education, and end up on welfare. About $40 billion are spent by the federal government alone to help these families.Referenceshttps//www.abc.net.au/news/2014-03-24/an-number-of-teenage-pregnancies-doubl ed-in-philippines-in-last/5341334?pfm=ms https//www.philstar.com/entertainment/2013/09/26/1238116/root-causes-adolescenct-pregnancy?nomobile=1 https//www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2011/07/04/low-self-esteem-a-factor-of-teenage-pregnancy-research/ https//ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/11556441/

Centralia No. 5 Essay Example for Free

Centralia no 5 EssayThe obvious problem with Centralia No. 5 is that an magnification killed 111 people. However, prior to the actual explosion, the problem is less obvious, especially since Centralia No. 5 was similar to so many mines that did not explode. In this analysis, I will taste the mathematical bureaus and responsibilities of Driscoll O. Scanlan, the mine inspector, given the corruption of modern administrative enterprises prior to the accident. From this perspective, the perspective of a public official in the field, the problem is that a electromotive force danger exists and the regulatory machinery in place to address the danger is ineffective. As an gifted, Scanlan recommended that the mine be dusted with non-explosive, pulverized stone to diminish the possibility of the coal dusts exploding. However, his expert advice alone was not enough to motivate a response.HistoryThe chronology of the content shows a progression of appropriate action at heart the exi sting law and jibe to organization or bureaucratic norms. On an organizational level, the players include the State of Illinois, the U.S. Government, the Centralia Coal Company, the United Mine Workers of America, and the miners themselves, who could hardly be say to cook been well be by any of the others. Beginning in 1941, Scanlans reports of excessive coal dust in the Centralia No. 5 mine were sent to Robert Medill, the Director of the Department of Mines and Minerals, and handled as routine by Robert Weir, the Assistant to the Director. All three positions were appointed by the Governor, Dwight H. Green. Also in 1941, the U.S. Bureau of Mines began making inspections of mines. The first inspection of Centralia No. 5 was in September 1942. However, only the State of Illinois had any power to enforce compliance, and reports from the Bureau therefore had primary significance as further keep in the hands of the Department of Mines and Minerals and the Governor.Scanlans reports were forwarded to the Centralia Coal Company, owned by Bell Zoller, with a garner requesting that the Company comply with the inspectors recommendations. Needless to say, the Coal Company did not comply, which is predictable given the lack of any attempt to enforce the requests and the high demand during the war. The mine workers eventually began workingthrough Local Union No. 52, led by William Rowekamp, recording secretary. Throughout the course of events, the mine workers sent balance to the State of Illinois, at first to Medill and then directly to the Governor. The letters systematically and emphatically requested attention to the danger present in the mine as documented by Scanlans extensive reports. The seriousness of the situation seemed to fade within the bureaucratic and political routine within the Department of Mines and Minerals.AlternativesScanlan was faced with several logistical alternatives, but the motivations behind action were of two sorts. As I said before, all of the players followed paths of appropriate action within the existing law and according to organizational or bureaucratic norms. The only exception, perhaps, was the Centralia Coal Company. But the coal caller-out clear recognized a difference between a routine infraction and a serious infraction, at least as it concerned the correspondence from the Department of Mines and Minerals, and they had no indication that Scanlans reports on Centralia No. 5 were anything unusual. Scanlans performance was no exception. He did precisely what was required of him by his position. until now the Department itself complied with the letter of the law. Because the Director of the Department of Mines and Minerals has some discretion, it is not a requirement of law that every technically enforceable infraction actually be enforced.This is a function of judgment. Scanlan was clearly motivated by attention to law and bureaucratic norms, but he was also pulled by an obvious obligation to the p ublic welfare, in this case the miners lives at Centralia No. 5. The problem confronting Scanlan was not so much a moral conflict as the need to recognize that compliance with his designated role was brusque as a response, both as public official and as expert, to the greater responsibility to the public. And because Scanlans reports were extensive and thorough, including every infraction, he had a responsibility to found sure that the decision makers understood the gravity of the danger, perhaps by highlighting the more serious problems.However, given that the system failed to recognize the danger, there were two possible paths of action (1) work within the system, possibly in ways beyond the designated role of mine inspector or (2) work outside the system and disseminate public concern, through the union or otherwise. There is a sense in which stayingwithin the system would preserve Scanlans conformity with legal and organizational norms small-arm still addressing the public w elfare. However, there is ample evidence that the organizational players would be unresponsive or at least politically difficult.SolutionI value that Scanlan could have effected a response within the system, although he would certainly have had to abandon a passive stance. First, the obligation to the general welfare clearly trumps any mere compliance with organizational norms and in this case the spirit of the law, never mind the letter of the law, is in the name of such general welfare. Second, the role of mine inspectors is to police the mine operators. This could be construed as a responsibility to report infractions and leave enforcement to the Director of the Department.However, because the Director allows his subordinates to handle so much of the routine, it seems level-headed to expect the inspectors to handle cases like Centralia No. 5 more pro-actively. Third, there is a responsibility left on Scanlans shoulders as an expert and a professional. His technical expertise a llows him to distinguish apparent and real dangers. And because his role in the field puts him in close proximity to the mines, he is perhaps the only individual with such responsibility in a situation where serious problems are apparent.Costs/BenefitsThe costs for Scanlan are evident. Because his position is a political patronage job, any belligerent pursuit of his responsibilities runs the risk of getting him removed from his position. Of course, this is as much a matter of how one negotiates the political terrain as of what one is trying to accomplish. I have no doubt that interesting correspondence, emphasizing the prudence of avoiding deaths in the mines, could have been sent to Governor Green, with the assistance and political experience of the Director of the Department of Mines and Minerals, of course. Even if Scanlan loses his job, the clear benefits are 111 lives. There are hidden benefits as well, though. By generating a relationship with the Director and the Governor, S canlan is creating a mechanism for handling this sort of return keya sort of policy formation from below. Given that Centralia No. 5 appears nodifferent from the other mines, this may be the more pressing know anyway.

Managerialist model of management and leadership

cosmosageria reheel model of forethought and leadingExplore to what finale the managerialist model of perplexity and lead adopted in England and Wales has influenced charge culture in one(a) other farming and the imp action that this may concur on your own management and attractorship style.IntroductionManagerialism has conk the predominant ideology in cultureal management. It has been a stably indispensable ingredient in the constitution of organisation activity in order to operate public school, in contrast to the traditional bureaucratic ideals, it provide high priority to management and leadhip (Pollitt 1993).Leadership, is a complex social phenomenon, and has been studied and developed over many years. Leadership is a process in which an person influences the group of individuals to accomplish the common goals and targets. Leadership is born in a organization context, that is to say no organization or group then there backside be no leading. Leadership incl udes attention to goals, which means leading has impacts in contexts where everybody is moving toward a goal. So leaders seems like a might relationship existing between leader and followers (Northouse ,2007).Management is defined realistically in the context of an organization. That is to say that management is a process which enables organizations to set and achieve their objective by planning organizing and turn backling their recourses, including gaining motivation from their employees.Although it is being argued that the application of some managerialist approaches cause problems. In England and Wales, preparation is overseen by the department for education and department for business, innovation and skills. just about all deposit-funded school argon maintained schools funded by the presidential term activity in which the topical anesthetic authority, Ofsted and the TDA ar influential partners.In China Education is a state-run system of public education run by the Min istry of Education. In the basic education, the Chinese government, government constituted a uniform standard for basic education, to control the national program, the system of enrollment examinations, and teacher qualifications level. Chinese education system is reforming, through studying good educational counties and excessive government control is being reduced.In relation, to this assignment, I want to explore to what extent management and lead approaches adopted in England, and Wales have influenced management culture in the China and the impact trends on k nowadaysledge of management and leadership style. I am particularly interested in exploring to what extent western approaches can be implemented in China. For example, which theories adopted in British cleverness be applied in China and any weaknesses it might have minimized. I will explore what theories exert impact either positively or negatively in management system in British school. Taking it as a higher revela tion ,which will give me consideration about my leadership and management styles.Specifically, through studying managerialism and bureau professionalism, organisational culture, leadership style (trait, style and transformation leadership hypothesis), I will focus on the followingTo explore how managerialism has been introduced to England and Wales and how it has impacted upon education management.To explore how government policy in China controls education and influences the actions of send teachers and school organizationsCompare what happened in China with what happened in EnglandThe impact of that government controls have on head teachers in mainland China and its implications for my own management style.Literature review2.1)Managerialism in English Education(definition)Managerialism is a set of belief and consecrates, and it assumes that a better management can solve the various problem existing in public sectors(Pollitt,1993) Although there are different definitions of mana gerialism, as a fads and buzzwords, it has been given various label including, New public Management, New Managerialism, Entrepreneurial Governance and Neo-Taylorism (Power 1997 cide in McGrah. 2004)( features)Managerialism is introduced to England education for couple of decades. In occurrence it has been as a belief that effective leadership and management is considered as the almost important element for operating lucky schools and colleges (Bush 2004 cited in McGrath). Its traits were summarised by (Bush 2004) as followed manaerialism , First, it empowers manager make up to manage, which is rising the process of management above that which is to be managed. Secondly, it seems like cost centres and devolved budgets to achieve greater financial control. Thirdly, managerialism uses the contracts instead of the high-trust relationship to clear sub-units in order to atomising of large-scale organisation. Fourthly, managerialism use exertion assessment to link the individuals ai m and the objectives of organisation. The finale tho not least, a virtual-market environment is created , it promotes competition and transforms students into customers.As features of managerialism mentioned before, the better management and leadership have become requirement and a trend. Pollitt ( 1993, p49) stated that managerilaism is a the acceptable face of new-right thinking concerning the state. It is an ingredient in the pot pouring which can attract support beyond the new right itself.During the last two decades, Bush (1986, 1995,1999, 2004) also consistently claimed that effective leadership and management play a crucial manipulation for the successful operation of schools and colleges. He (2004,p 2)suggested successful management requires a clear link between aims, strategy and operational management. In his view there are triad aspects should be clear, that is formal aims, organizational or individual aims and the determination of aims. Gunter (1997) accepted the eq uivalent conception that managerialism has to emphasise the managerial efficiency rather than the direction at the achievement of educational objectives.Although the opposition to managerialism has never s runped, the government continually emphasise the effective management and leadership in school, college and universities as the means by which governmental and organisational goals may be achieved (Simkins 1999). However,a fact that managerialism have affected the development of education and society and the trend have shown that it will continue to play an important occasion in education system.2.2 Leadership theories in common use in England schoolsUndoubtedly, managerialism needs high quality management or leadership and policy producer have placed great emphasis on the good leadership. So the model of leadership has been promoting. Although there is no unified definition of leadership at present, clearly, it is different with the management. Yukl(2002) and Northhouse (2007) described that leadership is an influenced process where individual influences a group or organization through his or her action and motivation. Bush(2004) clarified it used by three dimension to define the leadership which is a basis for develop a working definition. That is, leadership as influence, leadership and values , and leadership and deal .Because the significance of effective leadership has been increasingly acknowledged, researchers never stop to study and analyse leadership theories. In consequence, there are many leadership theories accord to different concerns the style approach emphasized on and various social context. However, in England, every leader has their own leadership style which very a lot can be analysed using trait, style and transformational leadership.Trait theory is one of most important theories. It originated in the 19th century, is based on the Great Man theory of leadership. The Great man theory conceives that a successful leader should have ce rtain innate characteristics that make them special and concentrate on their success. Trait theory developed the Great man theory and emphasise on the identification and analysis of the superior qualities of leaders. This theory concentrate on the personality which are innate traits that leader requires. (Power 1997 cide in McGrah. 2004)As a theory, the traits leaders should be held have been studied since its birth. Although no one has been able to provide the definitive list of traits which are different between leaders and non-leaders, there are seven traits that have been considered important over the years. That is self-confidence, intelligence, helicopter effect, persistence, integrity, motivation and responsibility, which emphasis on what qualities a leader should have is useful. (Power 1997 cide in McGrah. 2004)For the reason that trait theory is still important at present, two strengths should be mentioned. The greatest one is that it is very prospering to understand, peop le likely think about what their leaders is and what their leaders should be like. Another great function of trait theory is that trait theory can be used to identify potential leadership candidate as a first sieve. These strengths also effect following new theories, alone as a theory, the greatest weaknesses are also constrict its development. The greatest weakness is that the definitive list of traits has been argued. That is to say, if a new list is identified the recognized leader should be in dilemma, because they likely do not have all the traits specified. (Power 1997 cide in McGrah. 2004)Compared with trait theory that focus on the personality, style theory bear on with the behaviour. Northouse (2007) comment that In common, there are two general kinds of behaviour should be considered. One is task aids goal achievement and other is comparative assists interpersonal support. Style theory seeks a way to help leader to effectively combine these two behaviours. As a theory, the greatest strength is that it conventional the idea that the leaders style is composed of two major components- task and relationship, more importantly, the key to good readership is finding the right balance, which changes the focus of research to what leaders do and how they act bit it provides leaders with an insight into how others see them. However there are three doubts about this theory. First, how does style of leadership impacts on feat and attitude of staff. Secondly, whether is there a style that is effective in all situations? Thirdly, it does not take account of the context or situation in which leadership is exercised. (Northouse 2007)Currently, the Transformation Leadership theory (TL) has become popularised in the educational leadership field. Transformation Leadership theory focuses on values, ethics standards and long-term goals. A companionship leaders create is characterized, it is to raise the level of motivation and morality in both the leader and followe rs. Caldwell and Spinks (1992) commended that transformation leadership theory is crucial for self-manage schools. As frigid to them, Bennett et al(2003) argued that because this theory enthrone too much on the top leader as a heroic figure and encourage manipulation of followers, it gave rise to overemphasis on conception of distri saveed leadership. Similarly, Bush(2004) discussed that transformational model is popular in the literature but the contemporary policy climate cannot provide enough condition for its growth, because the English system increasingly requires school leaders to adhere to government prescriptions which affect aims, curriculum, content and pedagogy as well as values(Bush 2004,p78). As a same opinion, Bottery (2001) gave a the same view that the more rallyized , more directed, and more controlled educational system that has dramatically reduced the possibility of realising a genuinely transformational education and leadership. However, transformational lead ership theory is consistent with the collegial model in which a challenge should be faced is that leaders and staffs have shared values and common interests.2.3) government control of education in China.Whenever, just like most countries, education is a Long-Term Priority in China, it has never been ignored by Chinese government Since the founding of New China, the Chinese government has always attached great importance to education, It is establishing the worlds largest education system.(Basic Education in China(2010)). The Ministry of Education (2009) stated that in the last 3 decades of reform and opening up, China has been unremitting efforts to explore a path of educational development with Chinese characteristics.It is well-known that education system is controlled by central government. Centrol government was in charge of basic education and high education before the market economy replaced the planning economy in 1985. That is to say, the curriculum and leaders and teachers management were all administrated by government. Accordingly, the leadership and management in school were driven by government and its policy at that time.After 1985, educational system was no longer compatible with the prevailing economic system and social needs, there was a transition happened in the highly centralized administrative system of education.(Su 2004). National Conference on Education implemented policy The reforms were intended to expand their management and decision-making powers, this policy gave administrators the necessary encouragement and authority to experience smooth progress in educational reform. Lee (2006)gave a clear explanation that the local governments were given some administrative powers. The basic education was chiefly the responsibility of local governments. In higher education and vocational education, colleges and universities were more independent decisions-making power. Furthermore, the investment system underwent a gradual change under which the state made unified development plans and provided budgetary appropriations for education.The second great changes taken place in Chinese education in 1993 after the speech of the making ones rounds austral Deng Xiaoping is published. Education Law of the Peoples Republic of China states that the Ministry of Education is responsible for formulating guiding principles for education, establishing regulations, planning the progress of educational projects with expanded administrative scope and power and it is co-ordinating the educational programs of different departments, and standardization educational reforms. In short, The Ministry of Education is highest power of education in China.Despite that the new Ministry assumed a central role in the administration of education, the reform decentralized much of the power it previously wielded and its constituent offices and bureaus, which had established curriculum and admissions policies in response to the acres Planning Commissions r equirements.In summary, Location management is running in basic education and excessive government control over colleges and universities was reduced ( the Ministry of education) than before. there are considerable self-sufficiency and variations in and among the autonomous regions, provinces, and special municipalities.Management and leadership approaches used in ChinaDue to a fact that some managerialism in china is borrowed from westerns, so some parallels can be drawn between the Chinese case and its Western counterparts in terms of the public management including educational management. For example, Devolution of educational management from the central to the local level was the means chosen to improve the education system. Devolution refers to the transfer of authority to an autonomous unit that can act independently, or a unit that can act without first asking permission. (Bray, 1999)Lee and Lo( 2001 )agreed with the ideas from Massey (1993), Ferlie (1996) and continued to c laim that In the west, the theme of reinventing government is ideologically embed in the current of the new right. It promoted the three Es (efficiency, effectiveness, and economy) in the public management, and advocates pro buy the farm, property rights and markets to substitute for the mechanisms of power in the restructuring of public administration.In the Chinese context, the produce of public maintaining to the role of top policy makers, the assessment of the state capacity, the dilemma between the state hierarchy and market mechanisms and the controversy of property rights. During the reform ear, the top Chinese policy makers have been trying to gain not only a realistic policy making role for the party-state at the macro level, but also feasible approaches in the remaking of public management at the micro levels.Compare between in china and ukDespite a fact that critique to government control has existed, government control in education system has placed in differently leve l in Britain and China. China is country whose educational system is ran by state, before 1985, the government controlled over the education system since 1949, that is to say the Chinese government is the most powerful to manage education through all educational policies made by Chinese Communist Party. For instance, government monitored implementation of its policies at all educational institutions by its party committees. Almost every head teacher and senior management is member of Chinese communist party. The orientation of educational institution guided by policies made central government. Notably, there was a change happened in the national conference on education in 1985, the establishment of the ministry of education symbolised some coordination of education. Although State Council (central government) still contend the central role in the administration of education and the new ministry of education is in charge of all organisations, the decentralisation to constituent educ ational bureaus and local governments, as a rudiment, has established, which had power in different level to establish curriculum and admissions policies. Education law of the peoples republic of China (Article 14) state thatThe State Council and all local Peoples government at different levels shall supervise and manage the educational work according to the principle of management by different levels and division of labour with individual responsibility.Secondary and lower education shall be managed by the local Peoples government under the leadership of the State Council.Higher education shall be managed by the State Council and the Peoples government of province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the central government.By contrast, in England and Wales, the school leaderships are reduced to implement the policies and values of government and its agencies (Bush 2004.p 4). The government is very appreciative of school leadership who continue to give their time and en ergy to the voluntary work of serving on school governing bodies.()Although governments have the constitutional power to impose their will but successful innovations require the commitment of those who have to implement these chances in the England and Wales (Bush 2004.p 4). He explained if the teachers and leaders believe the policies are not suitable for teaching and learning, which should give to rise to lack of passion and enthusiasm to implement an initiative. Therefore, government should appreciate school to have seer leadership as long as the visions and values of school are closed with government imperatives.Bush argued that what extent the leadership is able to modify government policy depends on school-level values and vision. Similarly, Furlong (2002) claimed that professionals have been status of teachers because of increased government control of education. That is to say, in England and Wales, professionalism is allowed to exist only by the grace of central government collectable to the central monitoring of teacher performance. (Bush, 2004 p5)Governing bodies and individual governors should also review their effectiveness and carry out self evaluation of their own skills and pass judgment the skill set possessed by the governing body as a whole so that any skills gaps can be met. Governors should also ingest defined information to enable them to challenge and h middle-aged the school leadership team to account(Reflection- to what extent could that trait, style and transformational leadership used in china (500-750)Based on a fact, leadership theory , mostly, is copy from western leadership theory, so there are three phases. They are trait, style and transformational leadership theory. Exactly, trait theory is the oldest theory either in western or in china, this theory is not solely copy of the Great Man theory, but it is based on Great Man theory, summarized the common traits of successful leaders. It is way it currently, is still useful. On e reason is that it provide a ideal for us to port for a leader. On the other hand, want-to-be leaders can use it to identify their basic personality that they need to work on if they want to be considered a leader. In china, if you want to work as a leader in educational institution, the basic qualities as first sieve should be required, they are as followedIntelligence leaders should have professional knowledge and be intellect to deal with issues and problems.Self-confidence it is quite different between leaders and their followers. No upshot how hard the leaders confront with challenges, leaders should be confident to tackle them, it is not fake it but positive to seek effective way due to a believe you can deal with them.Helicopter effect and motivation China is a country whose thought is more collective, as a leader, she or he should be able to encourage everyones aim to be same with organization. leaders need to motivate not only themselves but also staff. assiduity as good quality, the leader must have it. As leaders in education, they should meet challenges, obstacles and results that are not expected. Never giving up and safekeeping forward are ever objectives.Integrity helicopter effect come from respect and trust and integrity is foot of respect and trust.Responsibility leaders should put responsibility before accountability.As time goes by, the trait theory has not content to leadership needs, style theory,as supplement, is used at educational system. China is a country who requires good relationship. The style theory provides a way to find the right balance for task and relationship. Task aids goal achievement while relational assists interpersonal support.With popularity of transformational leadership theory in western, this theory is permeating to China. It is part of the new leadership paradigm that give more attention to the magnetised and effective elements of leadership. It meet the needs of todays work groups who want to be inspired and empowered to succeed in times of uncertainty, because this theory focus on the native motivates and followers development. It provide easier way for leaders to combine the aim of organization and individuals targets. It is more humanism, and it consider emotions, values, ethics, standards and long-term goals and includes assessing followers motives, satisfying their needs and treating as plentiful human beings. That is why this theory is broad researched and applied in China.These three theories have their own strengths and weaknesses, how to exert their advantages and avoid their disadvantages is strategy and tactic.Conclusion 500sievethree most important things you have learnIn conclusion, therefore, it can be seen that despite widespread opposition to managerialism, like everything in the world, there are two sides, the obscure side of managerialism is overstate. managerialism has become a dominant ideology in educational management either in England and Wales or in China. It is a production of development of society. Notably, as we can see, the application of managerialist approach can cause some problem. However, managerialism emphasizes on managers right to manage. It is typified by a set of practice including the assumptions, techniques, ideas and behaviours, so the practice of management is raised above importance of the function being managed. So the introduction of manageriamlism led to a greater emphasis being place on management and leadership as these skills were necessary to meet the new requirements. According managerialism, government needs the good management and leadership to control education. However, the government policy cannot be changed by leaderships who develop alternative approaches based on school-level. In other words, governments in England and Wales have the constitutional power to impose their will but successful innovations require the commitment of those who have to implement these changes while in China, central governmen t control and management at different level, on the one hand, kept stable of educational development on the other hand, it led to limitation of innovation.Management and leadershipAs a predominant ideology in educational management, managerialism needs the effective management and leadership that also are required by governmenal and organizational goals. Management is of mind. It is important. As a science, it is concerned with now and here, which means manager need to do things right while leadership is concerned with future, as a art, leadership is sole and heart, it need to do right things. So management and leadership, in most time, could not be divided.Indeed, leadership theories have provide a dramatically different view of the driving forces tin can leadership. As is mentioned before that in England the trait, style and transformational leadership are very often analysed by most leaders even if they have their own leadership style. During the process of development of leader ship theory, the researchers and leaders have been looking for the best way to obtain the sense and avoid their weakness. This is why some good strengths of old theory (traits and style theory) are still important for today. With the development of leadership theory, the new theories always fit requirement of age in order to fit effective management and leadership.Areas of weakness in what you have doneI have done my best to show in this essay that management and leadership in educational system in England and Wales and China. Because the aims of education are more diffuse and contested. As is known that aims are tied up with peoples values and beliefs. So management and leadership in education should be different with other public areas. In addition, because of the differences of context and tradition in different countries, management and leadership in China and England are in different way, although it is in very subtle, implicit ways. The analysis and discussion have been showen , some of these were somewhat out of date. although it is not clear which leadership style is the best for England and China, at least, the strengths and weakness mentioned before are meaningful for further research. if it is merely reflecting the way for me to see my own leadership style.However, in the long run, negative effect of managerialiam and leadership theories should be attractive my eyes. As we know that things will change, but only slowly. research in these areas is important, the eventual(prenominal) solution would identify the better way to manage schools, colleges and universities in other words, a greater respect for aims of education to look for a fittest management method.

The poor in the UK

The poor in the UKDiscuss whether the poor in the UK argon to institutionalize for their indigence and tender censure?The purpose of this essay is to discuss the question of whether the poor in the UK be to blame for their p everywherety and hearty exclusion. In order to do this, a variety of perspectives will be analysed, in particular looking at political and economic perspectives. We will also consider Levitas approaches in the area of social exclusion, looking at the three models of social discourse, and also a critical examination of Murrays thesis concerning the under line.Definitions of need seduce traditionally been divided within 2 subcategories, unequivocal poverty or relative poverty. Each definition is establish on different experiences of poverty. Absolute poverty sees there is a basic collect for survival and this is pulsed objectively and comes in forms of statistics. This is mainly used in govern manpowert statistics. Relative poverty is different in that it counts on an opinion of mass in ordering. Relative poverty uses the idea of what society or a culture sees as the norm.The earliest attempt to research poverty was by R avertree, who conducted a study in York, in 1899. Rowntree adopted the measurement of absolute poverty in 1901 based on a minimum weekly income which was thought to be needed to survive. Therefore, a definition of absolute poverty isAbsolute poverty occurs when flock fail to receive sufficient resources to support a minimum of somatogenetic wellness and efficiency (2006 dictionary of sociology) p304This absolute measure was not popular with the government as measuring poverty based on falling downstairs a certain advantage level. When the benefits level increased so did the amount of people living in poverty. This problem was solved when the 1985 conservative government scrapped the Family suffering Income Statistics in favour of the Household below Average Income (HBAI). This saw the decrease of poverty in edges of figures because of the change in the way poverty was measured. The term poverty is not mentioned in any of these official government terms, therefore shows that poverty is not acknowledge as a problem to the government.The feminist assembly line on using this type of measurement is that it uses statistics taken from the household with a male breadwinner. Females appear invisible in these statistics and very a good deal implies that women are parasitical upon men. However, there is no suggestion that the male breadwinner equally shares his income with the household.Scott (1994) discusses the strengths and weaknesses of absolute poverty. Firstly the strengths, the measurement of absolute poverty can be used universally crossways cultures and societies. It can be used to draw up comparisons so Policy makers can use this to assess and distribute the income that is needed to eliminate poverty. These policies can then(prenominal) be taken on by researchers to look at if wh at is universe done and if it is helping to reduce poverty.A Weakness of this measurement is that it is extreme. In todays society it is dominated by consumption and a consumer lifestyle. Some cultures deem it necessary to be able to take part in the consumer society. The goods that can be bought oftentimes have several uses other than just to survive, for example a television is not an item of survival, however to function in society the television plays a major part and a sense of unity is formed in neighbourhoods if people can relate to and discuss items featured on television. The absolute measure ignores this social process as it cannot be scientifically measured as it involves some form of opinion. Poverty measurements need much more than just relying on saying how much money is needed to detain.Relative poverty can be defined as, comprehensive, should depend as much as possible on independent or external criteria of evaluation, should involve the ordering of a mass of fact ual data rational, orderly and informative fashion, and should limit, through not conceal, the part play by the value judgement (Townsend 197933)This operator that it can be measured statistically however embarrass some form of judgement. This relative measurement would include more than just income and look at consumer society and culture.Townsends, who statesindividuals, families and groups in the population can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to nurse the type of diet, participation in the activities and they have the living conditions and the amenities which are customary, or at least widely encouraged or approved in the societies to which they belong. (Townsend, 1979, p.31)This definition covers ad pairly the link between poverty and social exclusion.Townsends research of relative poverty conducted in 1968-9 could compare people based on the issue average. An important result to come out of this research was the lack index which stated the 12 items es sential for people in society, for example clothing, diet, fuel health and education. In 1985 more items were include much(prenominal) as a persons taste, lifestyle, and economic social factors.Using the measurement of relative poverty does come with strengths and weaknesses. It does acknowledge subjectively and are honest in that some form of opinion is needed. Knowledge of peoples culture can be explored in terms of what their standard of living is. It explores the kinds of sprightliness some people have that they may be deprived more than others. Weaknesses of this relative measurement is that if fails to acknowledge those people who chose to go without the items stated in the deprivation index. It does not treat the issues of real poverty in that those living in absolute poverty do not having enough to survive. Comparisons with other countries are surd as others still use the absolute measurement and use statistics rather than opinions.Piachaud reviews Townsends deprivation index as a good measurement as it included people that make the lifestyle choices such as being a vegetarian. He claims that not having a fridge for instance is more significant than not having meat. However, this suggests that Townsends index is not as scientific as it claims. (Piachaud 1981)There is not only one kind of poor people but many that are or could fall into poverty at any extremum in their life. The underclass is a term used to stigmatise people and was used in the 1980s early 1990s. Charles Murray worked on the concept of the underclass and characterised them by three things illegitimacy, violent crime, and drop out from the labour market by young men (Murray 1990)Murray wrote in 1990 that Britain has a growing population of working-aged, healthy people who live in a different world from other Britons, who are raising their children to live in it, and whose values are now contaminating the life of entire neighbourhoods. (Murray, 1990, p.6) Murray spoke of those who ch ose not to work, and instead to rely on benefits as a means of survival, as opposed to joining the labour market. In Murrays view, this reliance on benefits was considered as a superior option, not as a last resort.A statement by Murray to describe the underclass using a very simple and stigmatising definition by underclass, I do not mean people who are merely poor, but people at the margins of society, unsocialised and often violent. (Murray 2001). The term Underclass is a way of stigmatising a group and that Margaret Thatcher denied there being absolute poverty as there was no official government definition. Deprivation irresponsible underclass.John Moore secretary state of social security relative poverty was simply another term for inequality he claimed that poverty had disappeared from Britain altogether. (John Moore 1989)Conservative government at the time used the term underclass to categorise and cross there was absolute poverty in Britain. This view of the underclass suppo rts the idea that the poor are to blame for their poverty and inequality than those structural inequalities at the time. With this negative concept the conservatives were set to cut welfare if the underclass did not change their ways. This widened the poverty gap and the conservatives were thought to be irresponsible and didnt address the problem of poverty in societyRather than seeing inequality as potentially damaging to the social fabric, the Thatcher governments saw it as an engine of wearprise, providing incentives for those at the bottom as well as those at the top. (Walker 19975)This phenomenon of the underclass tries to address them as and actual class in society being at the other end of the denture such as the upper-class. However, to be compared with as a class it would suggest there are shared values that are unique to the underclass, there are no evidence of this and should not be a class. (Bagguley and Mann 1992). This underclass perspective draws attention away fro m the actual cause of poverty and tries to set the notion that this class is biological when there is no evidence.Field 1989 viewed the underclass from a structuralist view and supported the view that the underclass did not stem from the individual, but from the ideologies that maintained and cause inequality. These structural causes were stated as record post war unemployment, widening class difference, exclusion of rapid widening living standards and public attitudes falling in Thatcher Britain.Direct criticism of Murrays underclass is that it fails to be proven by scientific methods and relies on opinions. The underclass cannot be measured accurately as the group is sometimes make to look huge or small depending on the outcome needed. The underclass perspective can be misleading and not address the real problem that poverty is causing to Britain. (Walker 199049)However, many writers were critical of this view, including MacDonald, who asserts that both young people and adults wa nted work. They would fail with flying colours the test Murray sets to prove the underclasss globe offer them jobs at a generous wage for unskilled labour and see what happens. (MacDonald, 1997, p.195) Crompton has been even more dismissal in her criticism of Murrays view, in that much of Murrays caselay in his attempts to demonstrate the individual moral and cultural inferiority of the least well-off members of society. In some ways then, Murrays underclass thesis, can be seen to be elitist and dismissive of those at the bottom end of the social ladder. Byrne (Byrne, 2005, p.1) notes the pejorative nature of the term underclass and the much preferred and more commonly used in the UK term of social exclusion.The term social exclusion was coined in the 1970s following research by French Civil servant, Rene Lenoir, who published The Excluded, which said that as much as 10% of the French population were excluded from mainstream society due to factors like mental illness, poverty and d isability (Beland 2007). This definition of a broad course of people who, for a variety of reasons, dont fit into the social mainstream was picked up by New Labour, which created a Social Exclusion Unit when it came to power in 1997. It was based on the idea thatSocial exclusion is nearly more than income poverty. It is what can happen when people or areas face a combination of linked problems such as unemployment, discrimination, poor skills, low incomes, poor housing, high crime, bad health and family breakdown (ODPM, 2004, p. 3).New labour used many terms throughout their time, stakeholder society, communitarianism, triad way and social exclusion. (Hindmoor, 2005). They can be accused of only selecting terms that would win elections (Stoker, 2004). The Labour government blamed three main causes for social exclusion the dislocation caused by the breakdown of industry in Britain in the 1980s, the Conservative indifference to the social consequences of these economic changes and the failure of the welfare system to effectively address the needs of those who were affected by the downfall of coal, steel and other heavy industries (Davies, 2007).Storrey and Childs have commented on the political agenda of the early 1990s, whereby arguments came to a head over Britains high proportion of single-parent families when a government minister claimed that an over-generous state benefit system was encouraging young, single mothers to marry the state and embark on a benefit career. (Storrey Childs, 2002, p.126. These arguments were soon rebutted by organisations such as the Association of Single Parents, but it highlighted the way that discussions on social exclusion and poverty can be seen from a purely political perspective. Of the three models of social discourse to be discussed later, the MUD discourse is seen as largely right wing, while the other two are more centrist or to the left. One recent government minister has emphasised the SID view, claiming that Work is the only way out of poverty the benefit system will never pay of itself (enough to lift people out of poverty) and I dont think it should (Alcock et al., 2008, p.335)Social exclusion is seen in the growth of homelessness or urban slums, the declining hopes of the long-term unemployed, the lack of access to jobs and incomes of migrants and some ethnic minorities, the increasingly precarious nature of jobs on offer to new labour market entrants. (Rodgers 199543)Ruth Levitas, in her 1998 book, The Inclusive Society Social Exclusion and New Labour, suggested three models of discourse in terms of how we look at the issue of social exclusion, and how those models are utilize in politics in particular to economic and social policy, as well as sociological discourse in general. (Levitas, 1998)RED. This is known as the Redistributionists Discourse. Pierson (2004) observes that those guardianship this view argue that only through the redistribution of wealth across society as a whole, t hrough taxation, benefits and services, will poverty and inequality be eradicated in Britain. (Pierson, 2004, p.5). This model rejects the idea that attitudes towards work or moral issues are responsible for social exclusion. Some have noted that a vital component in the RED model of social exclusion discourse is the raising of benefits to an adequate standard as one means of eradicating poverty. (Gordon Townsend, 2000, p.359) This model is significantly different from the example/Underclass Discourse (MUD)SID. This is known as the Social Integrationist Discourse. This model focuses on the value of importance of work. Paid work is seen as a key factor, with submission into the labour market as the result, providing income, a boost to the economy, and social inclusion by way of paid employment. Levitas argues that this view differs from RED discourse in that it tends to equate social exclusion with exclusion from the labour market. (Levitas 1998, Pierson, 2004, p.6)MUD. This is kn own as the Moral/Underclass Discourse. The fundamental argument of the MUD discourse is that individuals or groups, through choices of their own choose a method of social exclusion. Such a method may be a deliberate choice not to try to enter the labour market but instead to rely on benefits solely as a means of income. Gordon Townsend comment that MUD tends to replay recurrent themes about dangerous classesto focus on the consequences of social exclusion for social order, and to emphasise particular groups, such as unemployed and potentially criminal young men, and unaccompanied parents, especially young never-married mothers. (Gordon Townsend, 2004, p.360)We see therefore, three discourses with different answers to the question of whether the poor in the UK are to blame for their poverty and social exclusion. The RED discourse would point to the need to redistribute wealth to the poor in order to end their social exclusion. The SID discourse would like social exclusion and unem ployment and would link employment to being the key to the end of poverty and social exclusion. The MUD approach would suggest for many poverty, or certainly social exclusion, are a choice that is made and then potentially taught to the next generation.We have examined Levitas three models or approaches to social discourse, and we have critically examined Murrays theory of the underclass in the context of the UK and of these three models. We have come to the conclusion that there are other factors to play in poverty and social exclusion than the choices of the poor in the UK or any blame that may be attached to them, and we have seen the elitist nature of Murrays thesis.Poverty about people social exclusion about structure of societyThe UK government defines poverty as having an income of 60 per cent or less of the median using this measure, 13.2 million people in the UK lives in poverty that is 22 per cent of the population. (Oxfam)

Descartes’ Special Causal Principle Essays -- Philosophy essays

Descartes Special Causal Principle In his Meditations, Rene Descartes attempts to disclose certain truths about existence. In his Third Meditation, he establishes his special causal principle (SCP). Descartes uses this principle to search the origin of ideas, and to prove the existence of God. I watch that there is much logic to be bring in the SCP, but I disagree with Descartes manner of proving Gods existence, and in this essay I lead pardon why. I will begin by explaining the SCP, and will then demonstrate how Descartes applies this principle to prove that God exists. I will then present my critique of the SCP, and expose the flaws in both of Descartes proofs with regards to the principle. A refinement will then follow. In Descartes Second Meditation, he established that because he is a thinking being, he exists. In the Third Meditation, Descartes attempts to build upon this foundation by questioning whether or not anything exists outside of him. In order to do so, he must fleck between those of his thoughts that come from outside, and those which only seem to. The method Descartes uses for this differentiation is the special causal principle (SCP). At its core, the SCP is a basic cause and effect argument. Descartes begins his rule for the SCP as follows Now it is manifest by the rude(a) light that there must be at least as much reality in the efficient and total cause as in the effect of that cause.1 There are two major outcomes of this logic. Firstly, that something cannot come from nothing, and secondly that what contains to a greater extent reality (or is more perfect) cannot come from something that contains less reality (or is less perfect). To represent this argu... ...clusion, there is undeniable logic in the SCP. Once the SCP is explained to be founded on the ability to recognize axiomatic truths, it becomes a reliable principle through which to explore the existence of God. But the SCP becomes unclear and less distinct when deali ng with metaphysical objects such as ideas. By extending the SCP to ideas, Descartes ventures too far away from his notions of clarity and distinctness. Had Descartes chosen not to limit himself to his own thoughts as the sole vehicles for exploring whether or not God exists, he would likely have met with much more success. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cottingham, John ed. Meditations on First Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. Great Britain 1997 Notes 1 Paragraph 41 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. 4 Paragraph 43 5 Paragraph 45 6 Paragraph 42 7 Paragraph 51 Descartes Special Causal Principle Essays -- Philosophy essaysDescartes Special Causal Principle In his Meditations, Rene Descartes attempts to uncover certain truths about existence. In his Third Meditation, he establishes his special causal principle (SCP). Descartes uses this principle to explore the origin of ideas, and to prove the existence of God. I agree that there is much logic to be found in the SCP, but I disagree with Des cartes method of proving Gods existence, and in this essay I will explain why. I will begin by explaining the SCP, and will then demonstrate how Descartes applies this principle to prove that God exists. I will then present my critique of the SCP, and expose the flaws in both of Descartes proofs with regards to the principle. A conclusion will then follow. In Descartes Second Meditation, he established that because he is a thinking being, he exists. In the Third Meditation, Descartes attempts to build upon this foundation by questioning whether or not anything exists outside of him. In order to do so, he must distinguish between those of his thoughts that come from outside, and those which only seem to. The method Descartes uses for this differentiation is the special causal principle (SCP). At its core, the SCP is a basic cause and effect argument. Descartes begins his rationale for the SCP as follows Now it is manifest by the natural light that there must be at least as much rea lity in the efficient and total cause as in the effect of that cause.1 There are two major outcomes of this logic. Firstly, that something cannot come from nothing, and secondly that what contains more reality (or is more perfect) cannot come from something that contains less reality (or is less perfect). To illustrate this argu... ...clusion, there is undeniable logic in the SCP. Once the SCP is explained to be founded on the ability to recognize self-evident truths, it becomes a reliable principle through which to explore the existence of God. But the SCP becomes unclear and less distinct when dealing with metaphysical objects such as ideas. By extending the SCP to ideas, Descartes ventures too far away from his notions of clarity and distinctness. Had Descartes chosen not to limit himself to his own thoughts as the sole vehicles for exploring whether or not God exists, he would likely have met with much more success. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cottingham, John ed. Meditations on First Philo sophy. Cambridge University Press. Great Britain 1997 Notes 1 Paragraph 41 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. 4 Paragraph 43 5 Paragraph 45 6 Paragraph 42 7 Paragraph 51

Lithuanian Economy Essay -- Economy, Low Cost Transactions

IntroductionIn my research project I will be talking about the history of Lithuanian economy and how it had changed since the country became independent and took a place as a member of a European Union. In my work you will be able to see different points of view of being a citizen of the EU and the problems the countries are facing to get this rank and file.Lithuanias membership in the European Union would be impossible without the public assent and support. This support was made most explicit during the referendum on the membership in the European Union on 10-11 May 2003, when 91.07% of those participating (the turnout was 63.37%) approved of Lithuanias accession to the EU. (Euro 2007)The Lithuanian economy has reached high growth rates in the pull through decade as it entered the European Union together with other Baltic states. The government went in for a flat tax the unemployment rates were fairly humbled until a recent recession began.Lithuania has been changing over from t he communist planned economy in the Soviet Union since it got independence that is 1990. Although Lithuania suffered a lot from U.S.S.R. it mute kept a good relationship and nowadays Russia is one of the main traders with Lithuania. However, it faced its own economic and financial crisis in 1999, partly due to the 1998 Russian financial crisis. Since then Lithuania had changed its views towards the European Union it became a member of EU on 1st May 2004. (Wikipedia, 2009)According to the survey of market participants in January and February 2004, the Lithuanian economy grew rapidly. The financial situation of Lithuanian companies improved and the costs of borrowing declined in 2003. At that time GDP in Lithuania reached over 10%. scotch growt... ...e accurate. As I was doing some research for this project I found that the government did this kind of survey in Lithuania, to find out what was general public opinion before Lithuania became EU member. In 2003 over 91% did the survey and almost 64% hold with Lithuania going for EU membership. The same survey was tell few years later. What did not surprise me was that people opinion changed after accession to EU. In the survey done in 2008 over 75% of the Lithuanians agreed that Lithuania has benefited from EU membership.In my research plan I would like to do this kind of questionnaire where I could see how the people agree and disagree with membership of EU. I would question them on their perceptions of how membership has affected their country. Also what changes they would like to see especially in areas, which they see as problematic.